Insecticides Susceptibility of Malaria Vectors in Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria Using WHO Susceptibility Test
Owolabi Dorcas Olasimbo,
Ayankoya Taiwo Agnes
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, March 2023
Pages:
1-6
Received:
11 October 2022
Accepted:
28 November 2022
Published:
31 March 2023
Abstract: Pyrethroid insecticides are recommended for use in long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) due to their low mammalian toxicity and fast action. Currently pyrethroid resistance has been reported in western and eastern Africa, therefore monitoring resistance is important in all malaria endemic countries. The overall goal of this study is to monitor resistance levels in malaria vectors in Okitipupa. Susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides was determined in Ayeka, Idepe, Igbodigo and Okitipupa districts of Okitipupa town using WHO test. Three sentinel sites from each district were selected and mosquitoes were collected from each sentinel site. The collected Anopheles mosquitoes were reared to adults in the insectary of the Department of Biological Sciences of Olusegun AgaguUniversity of Science and Technology, Okitipupa. Two to five days old An. gambiae mosquitoes were assessed for resistance levels to Pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%), Lambdacyhalothrin (0.05%), Bendiocarb (0.1%), Permethrin (0.75%) and Propoxur (0.1%). Knockdown time (KDT) was recorded up to 60 minutes and maintained for 24hrs post-exposure on 10 % glucose solution, after which mortality was recorded. The susceptibility test showed that mosquito mortality after 24 hrs for Pirimiphos-methyl was 25%, Lambdacyhalothrin was 0%, Propoxur was 75%, Bendiocarb was 100% and Permethrin was 50%. This study revealed development of resistance to Pirimiphos-methyl, Permethrin and Lambdacyhalothrin in An. gambiae s. l. across all sentinel sites. The implication of this was discussed and suggestion for monitoring was made before this problem becomes widespread in Okitipupa town.
Abstract: Pyrethroid insecticides are recommended for use in long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) due to their low mammalian toxicity and fast action. Currently pyrethroid resistance has been reported in western and eastern Africa, therefore monitoring resistance is important in all malaria endemic countries. The overall ...
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Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Alkaloid and Flavonoid Fractions of Kalanchoe pinnata Leaves
Taofik Olatunde Uthman,
Rabiat Yetunde Salman,
Ismail Abubakar Lamorde
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, March 2023
Pages:
7-15
Received:
12 May 2023
Accepted:
29 May 2023
Published:
10 June 2023
Abstract: Kalanchoe pinnata is an important medicinal plant in Nigeria with numerous pharmacological activities. The present study investigates the antioxidant activity of alkaloid and flavonoid fractions of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves. Proximate and phytochemical analyses of the plant were conducted followed by evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the alkaloid and flavonoid fractions using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazolline)-6-sulfonic acid, phosphomolybdenum, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and nitric oxide inhibition assays. The proximate composition of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves confirmed its edibility particularly in respect of moisture (86.73%) and carbohydrate (7.05%) content. The results revealed the presence of phenol (12.50 mg TAE/g), flavonoid (18.10 mg QE/g), flavanol (17.70 mg CE/g), alkaloid (26.98 mg/g), tannin (4.03 mg/g) and saponin (3.69 mg/g). Antioxidant assays indicated that both fractions exhibited antioxidant activity that is comparable to ascorbic acid and rutin with nitric oxide having the highest scavenging potential of 98.97% inhibition. GC-MS analysis of the alkaloid and flavonoid fractions revealed the presence of 18 and 22 compounds respectively. The antioxidant activity of Kalanchoe pinnata may be attributed to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and oleic acid detected in the alkaloid and flavonoid fractions respectively. Overall, the data generated form this study portrayed Kalanchoe pinnata as a potential antioxidant agent.
Abstract: Kalanchoe pinnata is an important medicinal plant in Nigeria with numerous pharmacological activities. The present study investigates the antioxidant activity of alkaloid and flavonoid fractions of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves. Proximate and phytochemical analyses of the plant were conducted followed by evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the alk...
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