Combinations of Carbapenem with Fluoroquinolones or 1,3,4 -Oxadiazole-2 -Thione Derivatives as New Broad Spectrum Bactericidal Antibiotics for Ophthalmic Preparation
Noor A. Waheed,
Hashim J. Azeez,
Faris T. Abachi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
47-50
Received:
27 August 2016
Accepted:
12 October 2016
Published:
14 October 2016
Abstract: The present work describes the preparation and evaluation of an ophthalmic eye drops of antibacterial agent. The active ingredients (mereopenem, fluoroquinolones & 1,3,4 oxadiazole -2-thione derivatives) have been used in the formulation as eye drops with different doses as broad spectrum antibiotics to minimize the emergence of resistance lesion such as conjunctivitis or corneal ulcers. The experimental effectiveness of single or combination ophthalmic preparation as eye drop is well documented against different types of bacteria e.g. P.aeruginosa and other G(+)ve & G(-)ve bacteria. Other parameters pH, sterility, particulates and contents were calculated. All solutions are sterile, clear, isotonic and pH (5.1-6.3). These solutions didn’t cause any eye irritation in rabbits after daily application for four consecutive days. The potential clinical significant of combination therapy over monotherapy for different types of bacteria has been a controversial subjects for many years especially for ophthalmic purposes. The mechanism of carbapenem and fluoroquinolones are well known, while oxadiazole derivative is expected to inhibit p-amino benzoic acid. The uses of combination drug is thought to minimize the emergence of resistance, safe, potent and increase their synergistic activities.
Abstract: The present work describes the preparation and evaluation of an ophthalmic eye drops of antibacterial agent. The active ingredients (mereopenem, fluoroquinolones & 1,3,4 oxadiazole -2-thione derivatives) have been used in the formulation as eye drops with different doses as broad spectrum antibiotics to minimize the emergence of resistance lesion s...
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Silver-Catalyzed Oxidation of Atropine Drug by Cerium(IV) in Aqueous Perchlorate Solutions: A Kinetics and Mechanistic Approach
Ahmed Fawzy,
Ishaq A. Zaafaray,
Ismail I. Althagafi,
Hatem M. Altass
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
51-59
Received:
28 August 2016
Accepted:
12 October 2016
Published:
21 October 2016
Abstract: The kinetics of oxidation of atropine drug (ATR) by cerium(IV) in aqueous perchlorate solutions in the presence of silver(I) catalyst has been studied spectrophotometrically at a constant ionic strength and temperature. The reaction showed first order dependence with respect to each [Ce(IV)] and [Ag(I)], and less than unit order kinetics with respect to [ATR]. The reaction exhibited negative fractional-first order kinetics with respect to [H+]. Increasing ionic strength and dielectric constant of the medium increased the reaction rate. In the present work, the kinetically active species of cerium(IV) was found to be Ce(OH)3+. Addition of Ce(III) product had no significant effect on the oxidation rate. The oxidation products of atropine were identified by spectral and chemical analyses as tropine, benzaldehyde, methanol and carbon dioxide. A plausible mechanistic scheme for the catalyzed oxidation was proposed. The activation parameters of the second order rate constant were calculated and the rate law associated with the reaction mechanism was derived.
Abstract: The kinetics of oxidation of atropine drug (ATR) by cerium(IV) in aqueous perchlorate solutions in the presence of silver(I) catalyst has been studied spectrophotometrically at a constant ionic strength and temperature. The reaction showed first order dependence with respect to each [Ce(IV)] and [Ag(I)], and less than unit order kinetics with respe...
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